Hygiene - [A Key to Healthy Life]

A is False and R is True.

Reason — Malaria is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium. However, it is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, not Culex.
Plasmodium requires two hosts to complete its life cycle: The female Anopheles mosquito and humans/monkeys/birds, etc.

A is False and R is True.

Reason — Gambusia is introduced in ponds not to increase oxygen content, but to control mosquito populations. They do not significantly enhance oxygen levels in water.
Gambusia are biological control agents used to eat mosquito larvae, helping prevent mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue.

A is False and R is True.

Reason — Bacillary dysentery is caused by a bacterium, not a protozoan. Shigella is a bacillus-shaped bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery.

A is True and R is False.

Reason — Hygiene involves practices like cleanliness, safe food and water handling, personal care, and sanitation. It is aimed at promoting and maintaining health and preventing disease.
Vaccines help in building immunity, and antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. These are medical measures, not hygiene practices. Hygiene includes actions like washing hands, bathing etc.

The manner in which the housefly spreads diseases are:

1. Hairy body and legs pick up the filth — Houseflies have spiny or hairy legs and body that tend to pick up dirt containing germs from germ-infested places such as faecal matter, rotten material, infected wound. When the housefly rests on our food, it rub its legs continuously dropping the particles of filth on the food, causing it to get contaminated.
2. Pouring out saliva — Food is also contaminated with germs when the housefly moistens the foodstuffs by pouring out its saliva on it, or when it vomits (regurgitates) food which it has swallowed from dirty places.
3. Excreta — It deposits its excreta while it feeds and thus contaminates human food.

The four major aspects of personal hygiene are:

1. Cleanliness — Regular washing of hands is very important for our health as it helps to avoid so many communicable diseases. Cleanliness also include daily bathing, wearing washed clothes and washing hair and eyes. Brushing teeth, twice daily helps to maintain oral hygiene.
2. Rest and sleep — All organs of our body including the brain need rest. In general, the body obtains adequate rest by means of sleep. For adults 6-7 hours of continuous undisturbed sleep is sufficient.
3. Physical exercise — Physical exercise are important for all age groups. It should be systematic and regular. It improves blood circulation and maintains general health.
4. Healthy habits — Few healthy habits are:
   • going to bed early but not immediately after dinner.
   • bowel clearing daily morning
   • tobacco, alcohol, stimulants and sedatives should be avoided.
   • rooms should be well ventilated for fresh air and sunlight.

Cholera

Reason — Cholera results in severe diarrhoea which further results in dehydration. Therefore, it results in no urination.

Sharing towels with others

Reason — Sharing towels with others can spread germs and diseases.

Plasmodium

Reason — Malaria is caused due to Plasmodium.

Fluorides

Reason — Excess fluorides affect teeth development and cause white streaks on enamel.

Bacteria

Reason — Typhoid is caused by Salmonella bacteria.

Contaminated water

Reason — Hepatitis A is caused due to contaminated water.

Vector

Reason — The carrier of the pathogen is called vector. It transmits the pathogen to human beings and animals and cause diseases.

DDT

Reason — DDT was used as an insecticide. It is banned now due to its adverse environmental effects and human health risks.

Protozoan

Reason — The malaria germ Plasmodium is a Protozoan.

Gambusia

Reason — Gambusia is one of the biological control of mosquitoes.

P — Hepatitis, Q — Cholera

Reason — Hepatitis is caused by accumulation of bile pigments in the body. It's symptoms are yellowish eyes and skin and dark yellow urine. Cholera is spread through contaminated water. It's symptoms are severe diarrhoea, vomiting and rapid dehydration.

(a) Cleanliness, rest and sleep, and physical exercise are a part of personal hygiene.

(b) One must always breathe by the nose and never by the mouth.

(c) Fresh air brings Oxygen into the living rooms.

(d) One must never put a sharp pointed object into the ear it may rupture the ear drum.

(e) For adults 6-7 hours of continuous undisturbed sleep is sufficient.

(f) The municipal bodies must ensure the supply of clean germ-free drinking water and an efficient sewage disposal.

Three advantages of a daily bath are:

1. Keeps the skin clean and free of germs.
2. Opens the sweat pores.
3. Removes the body odour.

The correct pairs are:

1. Anopheles — malaria
2. Gambusia — eat up mosquito larvae
3. Cockroaches — breed in man-holes

1. False
   Corrected Statement — Contamination means entry of germs to food and water by flies.
2. True
3. True
4. False
   Corrected Statement — Typhoid is caused by a type of bacteria.
5. False
   Corrected Statement — Flies are the source of dysentery germs.

(a) Health is the condition of the body of a person who depicts or portrays physical, mental, social and emotional fitness.

(b) Hygiene is defined as the science and practice of maintaining good health. It requires caring of one's own body (personal hygiene) and taking proper care of surroundings (social hygiene).

(c) The disease causing organisms are called pathogens or germs.

(d) Vector is any agent that acts as an intermediate carrier of a pathogen.

(e) Contamination means unwanted entry of disease causing germs into drinking water or edible foods.

(i) One should breathe by nose and never by mouth because nose contains hair and mucous to trap dust and micro-organisms, so that the inhaled air becomes pure and the respiratory passage is free of dust and micro-organisms.

(ii) Washing hands before eating food is essential because our hands come into contact with various objects and surfaces throughout the day, many of which can carry harmful germs. These germs which may be picked up by our fingers and transferred to other parts of our body or into the mouth through food. Thus, washing hands helps protect us from diseases that can be transmitted through these germs or vectors.

(iii) Flies contaminate our food in various ways like by sitting on it, pouring out its saliva on it, depositing its excreta on the food while it feeds and so on. Hence, to avoid contamination of food and prevent the spread of diseases, eating places must be kept free of flies.

Cockroaches and rats are common household pests. They are harmful to humans in the following ways:

1. Cockroaches eat and spoil food, paper and clothes. They are also suspected to be carriers of certain viral diseases, possibly including a cancer-causing virus.
2. Rats eat grains and other foods. They also spread germs of certain diseases. Rat-fleas is a parasite that lives on rat's skin. It may carry germs of plague.

The table below depicts the two types of dysentery, their causatives and precautions:

The three symptoms of Hepatitis disease are:

1. Body ache
2. Eyes turn yellowish, due to the bile pigments – urine turns to deep yellow
3. Enlarged liver

The two methods of controlling flies are:

1. Elimination of breeding places of flies.
2. Spraying houses and breeding places of flies with insecticides.

The effective methods for controlling mosquitoes are:

1. Elimination of breeding places for mosquitoes.
2. Spraying on stagnant water with Kerosene or some other greasy oil to kill larvae and pupae. Spraying DDT and other insecticides to kill adult mosquitoes.
3. Biological control by introducing certain fishes like Gambusia which selectively devour on mosquito larvae.

Contamination of potable (drinking) water can occur in several ways such as:

1. Sewage, if improperly disposed, leaks into sub soil and may contaminate underground water supplies.
2. Urination and defecation near water bodies such as ponds, lakes and rivers
3. Contamination of water bodies by the drainage of animal washings and wastes from poultries and dairies.

(a) The organism is amoeba. Its scientific name is Entamoeba histolytica.

(b) Yes, it is the causative agent of Amoebic dysentery.

(c) The labelled parts are :

• 1 → Pseudopodium
• 2 → Nucleus
• 3 → Blood cell

(d) It is unicellular organism belonging to protozoan group of kingdom Protista.

(e) Pseudopodia helps in locomotion and ingestion (by formation of food vacuole).

(a) Egg, larva, pupa and adult.

(b) Gambusia

(c) DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane (DDT)

(a) Taking stimulants and sedatives are unhealthy habits.

(b) Physical exercise should be systematic and regular.

(c) Public drains and garbage must be covered with bleaching powder or lime.

(d) Housefly is often designated as public enemy no. 1.

(e) Rat-flea is a parasite which lives on rat's skin.

(a) Vibrio cholera

(b) Sewage

(c) Rat poison or raticides

(d) Hepatitis

(e) Anthrax