Five Kingdom Classification

Both A and R are True.

Reason — Both Monera and Protista are unicellular organisms. They differ in type of nuclei, Monerans are prokaryotic (no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) while Protists are eukaryotic (have a well-defined nucleus and organelles).

A is False and R is True.

Reason — Gymnosperms are not flowering plants. They are non-flowering seed plants that bear naked seeds. Gymnosperms bear seeds in cones.

Both A and R are False.

Reason — As jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) and house crow (Corvus splendens) belong to different species they cannot interbreed. Their inability to interbreed is not due to their differing habitats only.

Both A and R are True.

Reason — Ostia are tiny pores present all over the body of a sponge. They allow water to enter the body, bringing in oxygen and food particles. The osculum is a large opening at the top of the sponge. It is the exit point for water after circulation through the sponge’s body.

A is False and R is True.

Reason — The clitellum is a glandular, thickened region of the skin in earthworms, but it is located near the anterior (front) end, not the posterior end. The clitellum plays a crucial role in reproduction

Both A and R are False.

Reason — Pisces have a two-chambered heart while amphibians have a three-chambered heart.
Pisces do not have a one-chambered heart — they have two chambers and amphibians are more evolved and have three chambers, not two.

(a) Difference between Invertebrates and vertebrates:

(b) Difference between Ectothermal and Homeothermal animals:

(c) Difference between Monera and Protista:

(d) Difference between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes:

(e) Difference between Roundworms and Ringed worms:

Cold-blooded animals — These animals cannot maintain their body temperature. Their body temperature fluctuates directly with the temperature of the environment. Animals of classes Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia are cold-blooded animals.

Warm-blooded animals (homeothermal) — These animals maintain an almost constant, relatively high body temperature irrespective of the temperature of the environment. Animals of classes Aves and Mammalia are warm-blooded or homeothermal animals.

Vertebrates and invertebrates

Reason — Kingdom Animalia is sub-divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.

1. Fern.
2. Sponge.
3. Starfish.
4. Oyster.

Reason —

1. Mushroom and Yeast are Fungi whereas Fern comes under Pteridophyta.
2. Paramecium and Euglena are Protists while Sponge comes under Porifera.
3. Starfish comes under Echinodermata, Roaches and Dogfish are Pisces.
4. Bat and Parrot are vertebrates but Oyster (Mollusc) is invertebrate.

Rana tigrina

Reason — In print, scientific names are always in italics. In the given options, Rana tigrina is in italics, hence it is a binomial scientific name. The binomial scientific name consists of two parts — Genera and species. Rana tigrina is the scientific name of Frog.

Mule is neither a donkey nor a horse

Reason — It is a cross (hybrid) between a male donkey and female horse.

Genus

Reason — Genus is the second lowest category among the levels of classification after species.

Monera

Reason — Kingdom Monera includes single-celled organisms having no organized nucleus.

Euglena

Reason — Some of Euglena are chlorophyllous and show photo-autotrophic nutrition.

Gymnosperms

Reason — Cycads and Conifers bear naked seeds.

Phyllids

Reason — Bryophytes lack true leaves. The leaf like structure in them is called Phyllids.

Dogfish

Reason — Jellyfish, Silverfish and Cuttlefish belong to Cnidaria, Arthropoda and Mollusca respectively.

P — Porifera, Q — Nematoda

Reason — Members of Porifera (sponges) have bodies supported by spicules which provide structure. Nematodes (roundworms) have a pseudocoelom (false body cavity), and their body is soft, cylindrical, and unsegmented.

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Genus

Species

The features that Characterise vertebrae are:

1. Dorsal nerve cord
2. A tail behind the level of the anus

1. No single mouth but numerous pores as water inlets — Porifera.
2. Jointed appendages — Arthropoda.
3. Unsegmented body with a protective calcareous shell — Molluscs.
4. Locomotion by tube feet — Echinodermata.
5. Long, cylindrical and unsegmented body — Nematoda.
6. Small, flat, unsegmented worms — Platyhelminthes.

1. Crocodile — Reptile
2. Penguin — Aves
3. Toad — Amphibian
4. Shark — Pisces
5. Whale — Mammalia
6. Bat — Mammalia
7. House lizard — Reptile

(a) The five kingdoms according to the new classification are:

1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Fungi
4. Kingdom Plantae
5. Kingdom Animalia

(b) Five divisions of kingdom Plantae are:

1. Thallophyta
2. Bryophyta
3. Pteridophyta
4. Gymnosperms
5. Angiosperms

(c) Eight phyla of Invertebrates are:

1. Porifera
2. Cnidaria
3. Platyhelminthes
4. Nematoda
5. Annelida
6. Arthropoda
7. Mollusca
8. Echinodermata

(d) Five classes of Chordata are:

1. Pisces
2. Amphibia
3. Reptilia
4. Aves
5. Mammalia

(e) Two types of fishes on the basis of their skeletons are:

1. Cartilaginous fishes
2. Bony fishes

(a) Species — Species means an organism of particular kind whose members can interbreed among themselves to produce fertile young ones.

(b) Clitellum — The clitellum is a specialized reproductive structure found in certain annelids, particularly in earthworms. It is a short cylindrical band of thick glandular skin that surrounds the body like a belt and is around one-third distance of the body from the front end in the segments 14-16.

(c) Moulting — The casting off and the regrowing of the exoskeleton is collectively called moulting. It occurs in Arthropods.

(d) Diaphragm — A muscular structure separating thorax and abdomen internally in mammals is called diaphragm.

(e) Nocturnal animals — Animals that are active during night are known as nocturnal animals.

(a) Microscopic spicules or elastic spongin fibre.
Location — It forms the skeleton of Sponges.
Function — Structural support and defense against predators.

(b) Tentacles
Location — around mouth in Coelentrates.
Function — To catch food organisms.

(c) Parapodium
Location — Found in certain marine annelids. Usually located on either side of a segment, extending outward from the body wall. Function — Locomotion.

(d) Fins
Location — Found in Class Pisces (Fishes) organisms. They have fins instead of limbs.
Function — Swimming.

(e) Feathers
Location — Found in Class Aves (Birds) organisms. They have an exoskeleton of feathers.
Function — To facilitate flying.

Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

1. Ficus religiosa (Peepal)
2. Zea mays (Maize)
3. Bombyx mori (Silkmoth)

Amphibia from Column I and Pigeon from column II are left out. They do not match as Pigeon comes under Class Aves and not Class Amphibia.

Man — Homo sapiens

Domestic cat — Felis domesticus

Peepal tree — Ficus religiosa

In science, people from different countries with different languages have to read about each others research. So, it was necessary to eliminate any possible confusion created by local names. Scientific names are based on certain rules which are universal. They are unique and can be used to identify an organism anywhere around the world. That is why, scientific names of living beings are considered better than their common names.

Carolus Linnaeus In 1758, anciently divided all living organisms into two kingdoms : The drawbacks of this classification are:

1. Bacteria were kept in Kingdom Plantae. These organisms have no chlorophyll and do not carry out photosynthesis. Bacteria do not have a definite nucleus nor a nuclear membrane nor chromosomes.
2. Fungi were kept in Kingdom Plantae. Bread mould is a multicellular fungi. However, it does not possess roots, stem and leaves, lacks chlorophyll and does bear any flowers, fruits and seeds like plants.

Species means an organism of a particular kind whose members can interbreed among themselves to produce fertile young ones.

All humans on the earth today may differ widely in their facial features, colour, height, etc. Yet, they belong to a single species Homo sapiens because they can interbreed among themselves and produce a normal offspring.

(a) Insecta have three pairs of legs whereas Arachnida have four pairs of legs.

(b) Flatworm has a thin, dorsoventrally flattened body whereas Roundworm has long cylindrical body that is tapered at both ends.

(a) Insects and Birds

Similarity — Both Insects and Birds have wings.

Difference — Insects are invertebrates whereas birds as vertebrates.

(b) Whales and Fishes

Similarity — Both Whales and Fishes are aquatic.

Difference — Whales breathe through lungs whereas fishes breathe through gills.

(c) Snakes and Earthworms

Similarity — Both Snakes and Earthworms do not have any limbs.

Difference — Earthworms are invertebrates whereas snakes are vertebrates.

(d) Bat and Pigeon

Similarity — Both Bat and Pigeon breathe through lungs.

Difference — Bats have external ears whereas pigeons have internal ears.

(e) Cuttlefish and Dogfish

Similarity — Both Cuttlefish and Dogfish are marine animals.

Difference — Dogfish is a vertebrate whereas cuttlefish is an invertebrate.

(f) Wall lizard and Frog

Similarity — Both Wall lizard and Frog are cold-blooded.

Difference — Wall lizards live on land whereas frogs can live both on land and water.

(a) The organism shown in the picture is Toadstool (a mushroom).

(b) The organism belongs to the Kingdom Fungi.

(c) Two characteristics of the Toadstool that differentiates it from plants are:

1. Toadstool (mushroom) does not have roots, stem and leaves whereas plants have roots, stem and leaves.
2. Fungi have no chlorophyll whereas plants have chlorophyll and they make their own food by photosynthesis (autotrophic i.e. self nourishing).

(a) The organism belongs:
Kingdom — Animalia
Phylum — Chordata
Class — Aves

(b) The two significant characteristics of the organism belonging to the class Aves are :

1. Their forelimbs are modified into wings.
2. They are warm blooded or homeothermal.

(c) The two key features of the phylum Chordata are:

1. They have an internal skeleton.
2. A backbone is present.

(d) The names of the five classes that it has been divided into are :

1. Pisces(Fishes)
2. Amphibia(Frog)
3. Reptilia(Lizards)
4. Aves (Birds)
5. Mammalia (Hairy quadrupeds)

(a) Cnidaria

(b) Aquatic habitat

(c) The animals are:

     A → Sea anemone
     B → Hydra
     C → Jellyfish
     D → Red Coral

(d) Coelenteron

(e) Tentacles

Tyrannosaurus are reptile.

Tyrannosaurus is not a relative of Kangaroo as Kangaroo is a mammal and Tyrannosaurus is a reptile.

Characteristics of Tyrannosaurus:

1. Body had scales which can be horny.
2. Lays eggs that have a leathery shell.
3. Had three-chambered heart as ventricles are partially divided.
4. Cold-blooded animals.

Carolus Linnaeus had introduced the binomial system of naming living beings.

The two characters common to dog, humans, squirrel, bat, camel and monkey are:

(c) external ears

(d) give birth to young ones

(a) Animals with a backbone — Vertebrata

(b) Animals with a hairy skin — Mammalia

(c) Animals with three pairs of legs — Insecta

(d) Animals with feathers — Aves

Invertebrate animals:

1. Housefly
2. Silverfish
3. Jellyfish
4. Sponge

1. Class Amphibia: Tree frog

2. Class Reptilia: Cobra

3. Class Aves: Duck

For each of the animal, below is the term which does not match with the animal:

1. Amoeba — tentacle
2. Hydra — Crustacea
3. Fish — ear drum
4. Earthworm — Insecta
5. Grasshopper — proboscis
6. Butterfly — Mollusca
7. Whale — Gills
8. Pigeon — hair
9. Monkey — lateral line
10. Bat — Aves