Aids to Health

A is True and R is False.

Reason — Immunity refers to the body’s ability to resist or fight off infections caused by harmful pathogens. It can be natural or acquired and may result from previous infection or vaccination.
Antigens are foreign substances (such as bacteria or viruses) that trigger the immune response. Antiseptics are chemical substances used externally to kill germs on skin or surfaces, they are not part of the immune system. The proteinaceous substances involved in immunity are antibodies, not antigens or antiseptics.

A is False and R is True.

Reason — Antigens are chemical substances found on germs' cells that enter the body and trigger an immune response. They are not produced by the body or lymphocytes instead, they stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
Antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, bind specifically to the antigen and help neutralize or destroy the pathogen.

Both A and R are False.

Reason — The BCG vaccine (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) for tuberculosis is made from live, weakened Mycobacterium bacteria. These germs are non poisonous and do not cause disease but stimulate an immune response.
Living, weakened germs used in the BCG vaccine are effective in providing protection, especially in children.

Both A and R are True.

Reason — Active immunity involves the body’s own immune system producing antibodies in response to an infection or vaccine. It provides long-lasting protection. Immunogens (like parts of bacteria or viruses) stimulate the immune system to produce a response. This can happen through natural infection or vaccination.

A is True and R is False.

Reason — Both antiseptics and disinfectants are used to kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that can cause disease.
Antiseptics are used on living tissues (like skin) to kill or inhibit microbes e.g. Dettol, iodine. Disinfectants are used on non-living surfaces (floors, instruments) and not inside the human body, as they can be too harsh or toxic.

(a) Antiseptic and Antibiotic

(b) Antiseptic and Disinfectant

(c) Disinfectant and Deodorant

(d) Vaccination and Sterilization

(e) Active immunity and Passive immunity

(f) Innate immunity and Acquired immunity

1. Vaccination is artificially introducing germs or its substances in the body in order to develop resistance to a particular disease.
2. This practice is scientifically referred to as prophylaxis and the material being introduced into the body is called the vaccine.
3. The vaccine or germ substance is introduced into the body usually by injection or orally sometimes.
4. Inside the body, the vaccine stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies against the germs for that particular disease.
5. Antibodies are an integral part of our immunity. Their function is to destroy the unwanted particles which enter the body.
6. Vaccines give our immunity a signal to synthesize particular antibodies therefore the principal of vaccination is to provide immunity against a disease.

Whenever a germ or infection invades the body, the immune system receives a signal to synthesize particular antibodies. In response to the quantity of germ-multiplication in the body, white blood cells multiply rapidly which enables it to produce more antibodies thereby stopping the infection on time. Consequently, abnormal numbers of WBCs are an indication of some infection in the body.

(a) Antiseptics — Antiseptics are mild chemical substance applied to the body to prevent its growth and kill germs. Example – Iodine and Lysol

(b) Disinfectants — These are the chemicals that kill microbes once they come in contact with them, they are too strong to be used on the body. Example – Phenol and Cresol

(c) Vaccines — They are the substances that are administered in the body to provide passive immunity. These are the materials that are germs or secreted by germs. Example – DTP, OPV

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infectious disease. It leads to cold, cough, sneeze, if left untreated in severe cases, it may lead to paralysis or heart failure.

Treatment includes a combination of medications and supportive care. The most important step is prompt intravenous administration of diphtheria toxoid which is made harmless. The harmless toxoid once administered in a patient's body triggers the production of antibodies against the pathogens causing diphtheria.

It important to know how the germs leave the body of a patient as there are some diseases and infections which are transmitted through air, water or just by direct contact. Therefore, to take precautions and protect others from further infections, it is must to know how the germs move out of the body of a patient.

an antibiotic

Reason — Penicillin is an antibiotic which was first extracted from Penicillium notatum.

Innate immunity

Reason — Innate immunity is the inborn or natural immunity present in the body.

Previous infection with a disease-causing organism

Reason — In case of infection in the body, there is formation of antibodies to fight the infection. These antibodies remain in the body for few years providing naturally acquired active immunity.

Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus

Reason — DPT is the vaccine of these three diseases-Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus.

An extract of dead and weakened microbes.

Reason — Vaccines are an extract of dead and weakened microbes which when injected into the body lead to formation of corresponding antibody.

Bacillus

Reason — BCG stands for Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin.

Immunity

Reason — Immunity is the ability of body to fight infections.

Mucus

Reason — The slimy secretion of the epithelial lining of the various organs is called mucus. It traps bacteria.

Blood

Reason — Saliva, Tears and Sweat are germ-killing secretion.

Antigens

Reason — Antibody is formed in our body in response to foreign antigen.

Rahul and Rishi

Reason — Boric acid is used as an antiseptic for eyes and wounds. Benzoic acid is used as a mild antiseptic and food preservative. Carbolic acid is used as early antiseptic (used with caution). Mercurochrome is used on cuts and wounds as an antiseptic.

1. Sweat
2. Mucus
3. Skin (Keratin layer)

1. True
2. False
   Corrected Statement— Antibodies react with germs.
3. False
   Corrected Statement— Human beings do not suffer from all those diseases which attack dogs.
4. True
5. True
6. False
   Corrected Statement— A person having once suffered from measles usually do not gets repeated attacks (due to immunity as a result of previous infection).

Prophylaxis refers to the preventive or protective measures taken to prevent the occurrence or spread of a disease. It involves the use of various interventions, such as vaccines, medications, hygiene practices, lifestyle changes, or other strategies, to reduce the risk of developing a particular illness or to minimize its impact.

1. Killed germs
2. Living weakened germs
3. Living fully poisonous germs
4. Toxoids

1. Poliomyelitis
2. Tuberculosis
3. Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

1. DDT is a disinfectant.
2. Penicillin is an antibiotic.
3. Disinfectants are applied on the places where germs thrive.
4. Deodorants are neither antiseptic nor disinfectant.
5. Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
6. Antibiotics can be made synthetically.
7. Sulphonamides are now rarely used.

Three uses of antibiotics are:

1. To fight infections
2. As food preservatives
3. Treating animal feed

(a) Immunity is the resistance to the onset of a disease after infection by harmful germs.

(b) Antibodies are special types of proteins that are present in our body or are formed in response to any infection or toxin.

(c) Prophylaxis is the prevention of disease through vaccines, medications, hygiene practices, lifestyle changes, and other strategies to reduce the risk and impact of illness.

(d) Vaccine is a biological formulation that consist of dead or weakened disease causing organism that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.

(e) Developing resistance to disease-producing germs or their toxins by introducing killed germs or germ substances to induce the production of specific antibodies.

(a) Lysol is an antiseptic.

(b) The treatment of diseases by the use of chemical substances is known as chemotherapy.

(c) WBCs are germ-fighting cells of our body.

(d) Antibodies are the proteins that belong to the class of immunoglobulins.

(e) BCG vaccines are given to small babies intra-dermal.

• 1 → Innate Immunity
• 2 → Acquired Immunity
• 3 → Specific Immunity
• 4 → Active acquired Immunity
• 5 → Passive acquired Immunity
• 6 → Natural acquired active Immunity
• 7 → Artificial acquired active Immunity
• 8 → Natural acquired passive Immunity
• 9 → Artificial acquired passive Immunity

(a) Odd one out— Formalin (disinfectant)
Carbolic acid, Benzoic acid, Boric acid — antiseptic

(b) Odd one out— Mercurochrome (antiseptic)
Cresol, Phenol, Bordeaux mixture — disinfectant

(c) Odd one out— ATP (energy providing compound formed during respiration)
DPT, BCG, TAB — Vaccine

(d) Odd one out— Skin
Saliva, Sweat, Tears — germ killing secretions

(e) Odd one out— Streptomyces (bacterium)
Chloromycetin, Streptomycin, Aureomycin — antibiotics

Four applications of antibiotics:

1. Antibiotics have a wide use in medicine to fight infections.
2. Certain antibiotics are used as food preservatives, specially fresh meat and fish.
3. Some antibiotics are used in treating animal feed to prevent internal infection.
4. Some antibiotics are used for controlling plant pathogens.

Merits of local defence system are:

1. Local defence systems start working instantaneously.
2. These systems are not dependent on previous exposure to infections.
3. They are effective against a wide range of potentially infectious agents.

(a) The process is Diapedesis. It is defined as the squeezing of WBCs through the wall of capillaries into the tissues.

(b) Capillary wall. It is thin and semi-permeable.

(c) The process is Phagocytosis. It is the process in which WBCs engulf particle-like solid substances, especially bacteria.

(d) White Blood Cell (WBC), Leucocyte.

(e) Neutrophil.

(a) Salvarsan

(b) Penicillin

(c) Passive acquired immunity

(d) Pentidsulph

(e) Alexander Fleming

(a) AIDS — Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

(b) BCG — Bacillus Calmette Guerin

(c) DPT — Diphtheria Pertussis and Tetanus vaccine

(d) DDT — Dichloro Diphenyle Trichloro-ethane

(e) WHO — World Health Organization

(f) HIV — Human Immunodeficiency Virus

(g) STD — Sexually Transmitted Disease

(h) WBC — White Blood Cell

(i) TAB — Typhoid Paratyphoid A & B

(j) COVID-19 — Corona Virus Disease 2019

(a) Lysol, Carbolic acid, Iodine, Benzoic acid and Boric acid.

(b) Cresol, Phenol, Lysol, Lime and 40% Formalin.

(c) Penicillin and Streptomycin.

(d) Sulphadiazine and Sulphanilamide.

(e) Gonorrhea and Syphilis.