Short Answer Questions

Three exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha are as follows:

1. Motions of No-Confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha, and not the Rajya Sabha.
2. Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for upto 14 days.
3. In case of a deadlock between the two Houses over an ordinary bill, the will of the Lok Sabha normally prevails, as its strength is more than double that of Rajya Sabha.

Three ways in which Parliament exercises control over the Executive are given below:

1. Interpellation during Question Hour
2. By passing Vote of No-confidence
3. Through Monetary Controls

Lok Adalat means 'People's Court'. It is an alternative dispute redressal mechanism where disputes/cases pending in the court of law or at pre-litigation stage are settled amicably. Three advantages of Lok Adalats are as follows:

1. Lok Adalats deliver fast and inexpensive justice. Any person can move Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper or using the format available with Legal Service Authorities and expect speedy justice.
2. The Lok Adalats reduce the workload of other courts enabling them to deal with more serious matters. This recluses delays in higher courts.
3. Lok Adalats promote social justice by providing legal aid to weaker sections of society.

Three ways in which India's wealth was being diverted to England are highlighted below:

1. Salaries and Remittances of British Officials — British officers working in India were paid high salaries from Indian revenues. A large portion of these earnings was remitted back to England, causing a continuous outflow of Indian wealth.

2. Unfair Trade Practices — The British bought raw materials from India at low prices, processed them into finished goods in England, and then sold those products back in India at high prices, draining India’s wealth and ruining local industries.

3. War Expenditures — India was forced to contribute money, soldiers, and supplies for British wars, especially during World War I, even though these wars were not in India’s interest.

Civil Disobedience Movement.

Two significant impacts of the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

1. It marked greater participation of women in politics, inspiring many to step out and join the freedom struggle.
2. It inspired the youth to follow Gandhi's path of non-violence in the freedom struggle instead of using violence as a political weapon.

The British empire de-industrialized India through the following policies:

1. Destruction of Indian Handicrafts — British policies led to the decline of India’s flourishing handicraft industries. Heavy duties were imposed on Indian goods exported to Britain, while British goods entered India either duty-free or with minimal taxes. This made Indian products uncompetitive in both domestic and international markets.

2. Flooding of British Goods — With the advent of industrialization in Britain, machine-made goods were produced cheaply and in large quantities. These were dumped in the Indian market, which ruined Indian artisans and craftsmen who could not compete with the low prices.

3. Lack of Government Support — The British Government in India did not invest in modernizing Indian industries. Instead of promoting industrial development, it focused on making India a supplier of raw materials and a market for British finished products.

4. Shift in Occupational Pattern — Many artisans, weavers, and craftsmen who lost their livelihood due to British policies were forced to take up agriculture, increasing the pressure on the rural economy and leading to impoverishment.

5. Commercialization of Agriculture — The British encouraged farmers to grow cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium instead of food grains, mainly to meet the raw material needs of British industries. This further reinforced India's role as a raw material supplier and led to food insecurity.

The composition of the 389 member constituent assembly would be as under:

1. 296 members to be elected from the British provinces
2. 93 members to be elected from the Princely States.

The members of the Constituent Assembly would be elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. Adult suffrage (all eligible voters voting) for this was ruled out to avoid delay in the making of the Constitution.

The Second Round Table conference was held in London in 1931. It was attended by Gandhiji as the sole representative of the Congress.

The demands raised during this conference were separate electorates for not only the Muslims but also the Depressed Classes, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

The question of Independence or setting up of a responsible Government receded into the background. The British Government refused to concede the immediate grant of dominion status.

Impact of the Quit India Movement —

1. It revealed the intensity of nationalist sentiment and the people's readiness for struggle and sacrifice on a large scale.
2. It made it clear that British rule could not continue without Indian consent, forcing the issue of independence to the forefront.
3. The movement saw widespread participation from all sections of society—students, workers, peasants, women, and the youth.
4. It strengthened the Congress Socialist Party because of its heroic role in the movement. It's leader Jai Prakash Narayan became a legendary figure.
5. Most importantly, it firmly established complete independence as the non-negotiable goal of the freedom struggle.

Three ways in which Germany was affected by this treaty are:

1. The area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised, and the German territory west of the Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
2. The coal mines in the German area called Saar were ceded to France for 15 years, and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
3. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.

Three objectives of Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. To eliminate all those causes which could lead to war.
2. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
3. To oppose the use of force and the use of nuclear weapons.

One exclusive power enjoyed by the permanent members of the UN Security Council that impacts the decision-making by the Council is Veto power. The negative vote of a permanent member is called a veto. The Council is powerless to act if any of the five permanent members uses the veto power.

(a) Supreme Court —

According to the Constitution, a person shall be qualified for appointment as a judge of a Supreme Court under the following conditions:

1. Should be a citizen of India.
2. has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession; or
3. has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts in succession; or
4. is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

High Court —

According to the Constitution, a person shall be qualified for appointment as a judge of a High Court under the following conditions:

1. Should be a citizen of India.
2. Should not be over 62 years.
3. Has held a judicial office in the territory of India for at least ten years; or
   Has been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

(b) Age of retirement of a Supreme Court judge — 65 years
Age of retirement of a High Court judge — 62 years

(c) Supreme Court — The Original Jurisdiction of Supreme Court extends to cases of violation of the fundamental rights of individuals, and the Court can issue several writs for the enforcement of these rights. Any individual can approach the Supreme Court in case of violation of a fundamental right.

High Court — It has original jurisdiction over matters relating to State revenue and its collection.

(a) Lal Bahadur Shastri's resignation reflects Individual Responsibility. This is because he was himself in charge of the Railway and Transport Ministry and not the entire Council of Ministers.

(b) Two important differences between Individual and Collective Responsibility are as follows:

When neither of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is in session, the President can promulgate an Ordinance.
The Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister prepares and advises the President to issue the Ordinance.
The two Houses of Parliament must approve the Ordinance within six weeks from the date the Parliament re-assembles, otherwise it ceases to operate.